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Transformers 2 Characters

The Transformers 2 movie has been released in the UK over the last few weeks and is attracting significant attention. There is much interest in the Transformers 2 characters with the introduction of a number of new elements to the Transformers story and some excellent graphics. You will find a list of the main characters below to give you a feel for what you can expect from the new movie.

Sam Witwicky

Sam Witwicky is the youngster who killed Megatron in the last movie and is looking for peace and a normal life in Transformers two. However, the character becomes central to the plot of the new Transformers movie as he begins to have flashbacks and hallucinations about various symbols, making him a target for the Decepticons.

Mikaele Banes

Played by Megan Fox, Mikaele Banes is the girlfriend of Sam Witwicky who takes a job in a motorcycle repair shop in order to fund her future education.

Major William Lennox

Major William Lennox plays a very central role in the new Transformers two movie as he is a great ally of the Autobots and a vital element of the fight against the Decepticons.

Robert Epps

Robert Epps is a colleague of Major William Lennox and yet another vital element in the fight against the Decepticons. Promoted to Chief Master Sergeant the role of Robert Epps has grown as the Transformers series has expanded.

Seymour Simmons

While Seymour Simmons was formerly part of a group who monitor the activity of the Transformers on earth he has now been brought into the fold by Sam to help in the fight to save the world. Even though he effectively retired from his earlier role he jumps at the chance to become more involved in the future.

Ron Witwicky and Judy Witwicky

Sam's parents Ron Witwicky and Judy Witwicky were oblivious to the activities of their son although now they are well aware of his position and his role. Unfortunately on a trip to Paris they become involved in their own particular battle which is covered in the movie.

Leo Spitz

Leo Spitz is another of Sam's team whom he roomed with at college and has vast knowledge of so-called conspiracy theories. Leo joins Sam and Mikaela in their journey to Egypt.

These are in effect the main Transformers 2 Characters who will dominate our screens for the weeks and months to come and appear in various PlayStation, Xbox and Nintendo games.

The Transformers series of movies and games continues to rule on becoming stronger and stronger with each release. Why not pre-order your Transformers 2 PS2, Xbox or Nintendo game today.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Mark_Benson

Power Transformers Testing

Testing of transformer is done to determine their electrical, thermal and mechanical suitability for the system where they will be applied or used. Most of the tests performed on power transformers are defined in national standards created by IEEE, NEMA and ANSI, whose purpose is to define a uniform set of tests recognized by both the manufacturer and the user.

Transformer Test Details:

Field Testing. Field testing can be divided into three categories

1. Acceptance tests
2. Periodic tests
3. Tests after failure

Acceptance tests should be performed immediately after the product arrives at the destination. A few tests can be carried out which are stated below:

• Turns ratio
• Insulation resistance(Winding and core)
• Power factor
• Resistance (winding)
• Polarity and phase relation
• Oil tests (DGA, moisture, dielectrics, etc.)
• Visual inspection

Periodic tests are done after the product is installed in its permanent location. The main purpose of this test is to monitor the condition of the unit so that any potential trouble may be spotted early before a failure occurs. Some of these are listed below:

• Turns ratio
• Insulation resistance
• Power factor
• Resistance (winding)
• Oil tests (DGA, moisture, dielectrics, etc.)
• Excitation current test
• Visual inspection

An unscheduled outage and the potential of outright failure can be prevented by following a periodic test schedule.

Failure tests conducted on electric transformers are:

• Turns ratio
• Insulation resistance
• Power factor
• Resistance
• Oil tests
• Excitation current test
• Combustible gas/ gas-in-oil analysis
• Visual inspection (internal)

When a transformer fails, the time of failure tests will decide whether the unit can be repaired at the site or whether it needs to be returned to the manufacturer, or a specialized center for repair. By comparing the results of the tests with the established norms, a 'history' of the transformer can be compiled, and the reasons for failure can be diagnosed.Here is a quick overview of the above mentioned tests:

• Transformer Turns Ratio Test (Common to all categories)The Transformer Turns Ratio test (TTR) is used to make sure that the Turns Ratio between the windings of the transformer is correct. This ratio decides what the output voltage of the transformer will be with respect to the input voltage. The ratio is calculated under no-load conditions, with ratios calculated at the tap positions for each winding and for the winding as a whole. A voltage is applied to one winding and the voltmeters connected to both low voltage and high voltage windings are read simultaneously. The transformer ratio is the ratio of the HV voltmeter and the LV voltmeter readings. When ratio tests are being made on three-phase transformers, the ratio is taken on one phase at a time, and the measured ratio should be compared with the ratio calculated using nameplate voltages. Any variation should be within .5%.
• Transformer Insulation Resistance Test (Common to all categories)The winding insulation resistance test (also known as the Meggar test) is a measure of quality of insulation within the transformer. It can vary due to moisture content, cleanliness and the temperature of the insulation parts. All measurements are corrected to 20'C for comparison purposes. It is recommended that tank and core are always grounded when this test is performed. Each winding should be short-circuited at the bushing terminals. Resistances are then measured between each winding and all other windings and ground (for 2 winding transformer - H-LG, L-HG and HL-G and three winding transformer H-LTG, L-HTG, T-HLG, HL-TG, HT-LG, LT- HG and HLT-G ).
• vPower Factor (Common to all categories)This test is made to monitor the dryness of transformer insulation. Power factor is defined as the ratio of the power dissipated divided by the input volt-ampere multiplied by 100. The measurement of power factor is made with a capacitance bridge and the connections are the same as for the insulation resistance tests.
• Transformer Resistance (Common to all categories)The resistance of a transformer winding can be measured after current has not passed through the transformer for several hours, allowing it to reach the same temperature as its surroundings. Winding resistance is calculated by measuring the voltage and current simultaneously, with the current as close to the rated current as possible. Calculating the winding resistance can be helpful as it lets you calculate and compensate for I2R losses, a major component of load losses as a whole. Winding resistance measurements can be made to determine if any changes have occurred in the current carrying path. The winding resistance measurements should be made with a Wheatstone bridge, Kelvin bridge or similar bridge capable of measuring fractional ohms accurately. For Wye connected values, measurements should be made between each pair of bushings, then summed and multiplied by three-halves to get the comparison value.
• Transformer Oil Test (Common to all categories)A sample of insulating oil from a transformer in service can reveal much information about what is taking place inside the transformer. There are three basic enemies to insulating oil - oxidation, contamination and excessive temperature. The following tests can be done:
  • Acid number
  • Dielectric breakdown
  • Power factor
  • Moisture content
  • Interfacial tension

After performing the tests the oil can classified as reusable; reusable with minor reconditioning; or disposable.

• Transformer Polarity (Acceptance test)The polarity of a transformer is either additive or subtractive. In order to find out the polarity of a transformer, a voltage is applied between the primary bushings. If the resultant voltage between the secondary bushings is greater than the applied voltage that means that the transformer has additive polarity. If it is lower, the transformer has subtractive polarity. Polarity is not important for a single connected distribution transformer, but it is a vital concern if transformers are to be paralleled or bank connected. Three phase transformers are also checked for polarity by the same means.
• Transformer Phase Relation (Acceptance test)A phase relation test is carried out for polyphase (for instance, three-phase) transformers to make sure that they have been connected in such a way that their phase relationship is correct. A phase relation test calculates the angular displacement and relative phase sequence of the transformer, and can be carried out in conjunction with ratio and polarity tests. The voltages of the phase of primary and secondary can be recorded and comparisons made to get the phase relation.
• Visual Inspection (Periodic and Failure tests)This may reveal either present or potential problems that may not be picked up by diagnostic testing. For example, deteriorating gaskets, low oil level or chipped bushing skirts. A standard list of check points should be established for each unit and then a record of each inspection maintained.
• Gas/ Gas-in-Oil Test (Failure test):A study of gases either dissolved in the oil or from the gas above the oil can also show abnormal conditions within the transformers, such as incipient faults. Three considerations are very important:
  • The total percentage of combustible gas
  • The percentage of each gas component
  • The rate of change in combustible gas content
  • If the percentage of combustible gases is above 5%, then immediate action is required
• Excitation Current Test (Periodic and Failure tests)The excitation current is the minimum amount of current needed to maintain the core in a state of magnetic excitation. It is measured at the rated voltage, and usually given as a percentage of the rated current.

  The test is performed with a single phase supply with, preferably, a voltage rated at approximately 10% of the phase voltage of the winding to which the supply is to be connected, although lower voltages can be used.
  

There are 2 methods that can be used: the first is to connect a single-phase supply to any available winding with an ammeter in the circuit to monitor the exciting current. Three such single-phase tests are necessary for a three-phase transformer. The relationship between the single phase readings is important; it should be as follows:

• The readings taken on phase A and C should be within 5% of each other.
• The reading on phase B should be between 65 and 90% of the readings on phase A and C.

Readings that fall outside of the relationships given above may be indicators of a winding fault. In the other method, the same voltage level and ammeter requirements apply except the following connections should be made:

• Short one winding on phase C and apply voltage and read the exciting current on phase A.
• Short one winding on phase A and apply voltage and read the exciting current on phase C.
• Short one winding on phase B and apply voltage and read the exciting current on phase A or phase C.

Other Transformer Tests:

Other tests which can be performed are:

• Core Loss Test Under no-load conditions, a transformer will continue to drain sources of electrical energy. The chief source of this drain is core loss, which occurs in the magnetic core through a combination of hysteresis and eddy current loss, among others. Core-loss is calculated by applying the rated voltage and frequency to a transformer under no-load conditions. The resultant current is then measured, from which the loss of energy can be extrapolated.
• Load Loss Test Load loss is a combination of I2R losses, stray losses and eddy losses, all of which contribute to the loss of electrical energy that is seen as current transferred from one winding to another. Load loss changes with the magnitude of the load: that is to say, higher loads see higher rates of loss. The load loss is therefore generally calculated for the rated load, while the transformer is under full-load conditions. It can be measured by applying a voltage to one winding while the other winding is short-circuited. The voltage is adjusted until the current flowing through the circuit is the same as the rated current. The power loss measured at this time is the load loss.
• Impedance Test Impedance is a measure of the resistance that leads to the loss of electrical energy in a transformer at full load, causing the ratio of the input and output voltages to differ from the Turns Ratio. It can be measured at the same time as load loss. Impedance is found by measuring the voltage required to pass the rated current through one winding of the transformer, while the other winding is short-circuited. This voltage is called the impedance voltage.
• Applied Potential Test The applied potential test is used to see how well the transformer's insulation deals with voltages higher than the rated voltage, for given periods of time. The applied potential test checks the insulation between individual windings; and between windings and ground by applying voltages to each of these areas.
• Induced Potential Test The induced potential test is used to test the quality of the transformer's insulation, as with the applied potential test above. It tests the insulation of the individual windings of the transformer by applying voltages between turns, between layers and between lines.
• Quality control impulse test Quality control impulse tests are made on transformers in order to simulate lightning; to see how well they withstand such high bursts of voltage. The electric impulses applied here can include reduced full-wave tests, chopped-wave tests and front-of-wave tests, to simulate a range of extreme voltage situations.
• Pressure Leak Test A transformer can be checked for pressure leaks by pressurizing the tank and then leaving it alone for several hours. If the pressure drops during the intervening time, or if there are signs of liquid leakage, than a leak is present. Otherwise, the transformer is leakage free.

While learning about and overseeing the standard testing procedures of your transformer can be a laborious task, it definitely helps better your understanding of the transformer's operation, minimizes hazard to life and property, reduces downtime, minimizes the chance of sudden failure and thus allows optimum use of the transformer.

Mike Dickinson began his carrier in transformer industry in 1972 at Pacific Crest Transformers. Currently Mike is in charge of Business Development at PCT. Pacific Crest Transformers is a leader in the design and construction of distribution transformer. Read Trasnsformer testing article and the other Transformer related articles at PCT.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Mike_Dickinson

Transformers Movie 2 Leader Optimus Prime Review

The Transformers Movie 2 Leader Optimus Prime is one of the coolest robot-to-toy Transformers figures ever created. It moves, looks, and talks exactly like the CGI version which is great for both casual fans and hardcore enthusiasts alike.

Looks-wise this toy is unbeatable. When you look at it from afar or if you see a picture of it, you will be in doubt as to how such a detailed replica can possibly exist, especially for a toy. But, holding it in your hands will make you believe. And it looks great in robot mode and in truck mode. Now who can beat that?

Since we are now in modern times, a new innovation was made in the creation of this toy. You can actually see the gears move when you transform the robot from one form to another, and it makes that cool sound that almost won an Academy Award during one of the recent Oscar nights.

Electronic speech voiceovers are also done by the original actor himself. What's more, the robot's eyes light up, and it has multiple detachable weaponry such as energy swords. There is no doubt that a lot of hard work has been put into making this toy as close to perfect as possible. Imagine playing with your photorealistic Optimus Prime figurine, while imagining the movie version of the robot in action.

But wait, you don't have to imagine it anymore because what you have in your hands is so close to the real thing. That's what's so great about this toy. If you want the coolest and most realistic Optimus Prime figure to play with or to display on your collector's shelf, then you must buy yourself the Transformers Movie 2 Leader Optimus Prime.

For more information, check other Transformers Movie 2 Leader Optimus Prime toy reviews.

Erika Ayala works part time for a consumer review company.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Erika_Ayala

Transformers 2 - Peter Cullen As Optimus Prime

Transformers was the science fiction action movie that hit the charts in 2007. The storyline really captured the attention of the audience and the movie became an instant success. It was directed by Michael Bay and Roberto Orci. The movie made a huge success at the box office and was even nominated for several awards.

The main storyline or plot is that there is a teenager who comes across the fact that Transformers exist. The movie revolves around the war that is taking place between the Autobots and the villains that are the evil Decepticons. They both have disguised themselves and exist on earth in the form of everyday machines.

The main characters involved in the movie are sub divided into the categories of Autobots and Decepticons. Then there is the teenager, Sam, and his girlfriend. There is an army of Autobots and an army of Decepticons. The head commander of the army of Autobots is Optimus Prime. He is one of the main characters.

Optimus disguises himself as a fire engine and can also convert into a secondary flight mode. He is an organised yet compassionate leader, and his duty is to evacuate Cybertron and help the inhabitants of earth. He has dedicated his life to the service of humanity. He is armed with blaze blaster cannons, he can spray streams of cold water and his feet contain missiles. He is romantically linked to Elita.

The voice behind Optimus Prime is Peter Cullen. He has graduated from the National School of Theatre, Canada. Peter Cullen is basically a voice actor and has provided his voice to various movies, which become an instant success. He was chosen to play Optimus Prime, the leading Autobot, and he has even played the voice of Eeyore in Winnie the Pooh. He has even played Coran, King Alfor in Lion Volteron and Mantus in the Pirates of the Dark Waters.

His own personal favourite character is Optimus Prime and he has signed up for two sequels as well. The upcoming movie 'The Revenge of the Fallen' is also on its way to release. Cullen was asked to play Optimus in a mocking role but he refused as the character is quiet close to him. The writers killed Optimus in the movie, but considering the uproar the young audience created over it, Optimus is back on the scene.

He has not only worked for movies but also has given his voice to the television industry. A number of commercials have been released using his voice. His voice was used in Cartoon Network's commercials and cartoons like 'The Jetsons'. His voice has been a part of numerous video games of Nintendo. He was the first one to do it.

No doubt Peter is a highly professional voice actor who has marvelled the audience with his meticulous and alluring voice. He is mostly into children's movies and personally involved in the characters that he plays.

The release date for Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen is 19th June 2009. Find out more information at Odeon Cinemas.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Michael_Nielsen

Facts About Transformers 2 Character Blackout

Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen is a brand-new sequel of the movie Transformers, which was released in 2007. However, this sequel to the movie is expected to be released on June 19, 2009 in the UK, while in the USA the release date has been announced as June 24, 2009. The executive producer of the film is none other than Oscar winning Steven Spielberg, while this science fiction and action movie is directed by Michel Bay. Shia LaBeouf plays the role of Sam Witwicky, the person caught in the middle of the war between the Autobots and the Decepticons. Compared to Transformers 1, the film has many new robots, and the setting of the film is stretched out to countries other than the UK and USA - especially Egypt where the film is also shot.

The theme of the movie 'Transformers: Revenge of the fallen' revolves around the war of the Universe, which has been embarked on, even though the battle for the Earth has only just finished. The movie Transformers 2 depicts that once coming back to Cyberton, Starscream takes up the Decepticons' overall command and make a decision to counterattack Earth and take revenge.

On the other hand, the Autobots, while expecting a peaceful situation, came to know that Scorpinox has burgled the corpse of Megatron from the US Military and has embezzled it by enlivening it with its own spark. The storyline hovers around the revenge of Magatron with full corroboration of Scorpinox and many other Decepticons, whereas the Autobots - with their own supporters - have to face a lot more challenges besides just eyeing the Decepticons.

Who are the Decepticons?

In the Transformers Mythology, the Decepticons play an important role. The main aim of these characters is to defeat the Autobots and become Conquerors by enjoying colossal triumph. Not only that, their purpose is to hoard huge quantities of enneagon, and furthermore, to prepare and use powerful armaments. Also, pulsating (??) people up are their common traits.

In contrast to Optimus Prime, who is the leader of Autobots, Decepticons are driven by power and an ambition to safeguard their own homeland at any cost. Some of them are good as they do not fight for greed and have a sense of honour and dignity. Decepticons are more like machine in their appearance than Autobots, and bear a resemblance to carnivorous species such as animals, insects, and birds.

Blackout: The character in the film...

In Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, Blackout is also re-energized along with Megatron by the Constructions. In the early part of the film, Blackout, in conjunction with Megatron and Starscream, is spotted assaulting Optimus Prime. During the film, it has also been said that he stands third in the Decepticon's chain. However, Starscream and Megatron stand first and second respectively.

The character of Blackout continues to play the same role as in Transformers 1, where he was killed; it was the first Decepticon and transformer seen active in the movie. In Transformers 1, Blackout, with the support of his fellow Decepticon, Scorpinox, was disguised as a MH-53M Pave Low IV helicopter and raided the SOCCENT Forward Operations Centre, which was held in Qatar. During this attack, two F-22 fighters ushered him to the base where Blackout transformed itself and blew up the base single-handedly.

In the movie, Blackout is being shown extremely loyal to Megatron, and he sacrifices his life fighting shoulder to shoulder with Megatron in the final battle of Earth. Blackout's cadaver was then kept in the Laurantian Abyss, alongside Megatron and other Decepticons who were killed during the war. Blackout is back again with his action packed performance in Transformers 2, with all his subjugation to Megatron in the movie.

Don't miss this transformer in the new transformers movie at your local Odeon cinema from 19th June 2009.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Michael_Nielsen

Top Transformers Halloween Costumes For Your Little Autobot

The new smash-hit Transformers movie makes the Autobot costumes a popular choice for kids this Halloween. The movie catapulted characters like Optimus Prime and Bumblebee into the headlines in their battle to save Planet Earth.

Revenge of the Fallen sees the introduction of many more robots and actually traces their roots back to Egypt where the story back to the beginnings of civilization. In clever plot twists even the ancient hieroglyphs represent vehicles and helicopters linked to the Cybertronians when they initially visited earth.

The epic battle for control emerges when Megatron is brought back to life to wreak revenge With rapidly changing robots stunning audiences, its not hard to see why this movie was such a hit. The movie is a sequel so another one is planned to follow. Loyal fans who have watched the mini series, read the comic books, and watched the movie will be really impressed by the movie's stunning special effects and fast-paced action.

With characters like Optimus Prime, an Autobot who accidentally landed on earth from Cybertron when his space-ship crashed who has taken it upon himself to devote his life to helping universal life-forms, luckily including us mortals. Heis not alone in the fight but assisted by many other clever aliens who disguise themselves as a variety of vehicles and mechanical objects. The 'little brother' to the Autobots is of course Bumblebee who takes the form of a VW Beetle and works an intrepid spy soon becoming an invaluable weapon against the Decepticons.

Robots rapidly changing shapes and battling it out is the premise of this hugely successful cartoon and movie so it's hardly surprising that most young boys are desperate to adorn their Transformers costumes and transform into the heroic leader of the Autobots or the little Bumblebee with the big personality this Halloween.

For the very best Transformers Halloween costumes then take a look at this great Transformers Kids Costumes site showing all the latest costumes.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Zara_Jones

Movie Review - Transformers - Revenge of the Fallen

TRANSFORMERS: REVENGE OF THE FALLEN - REVIEW

7.5 out of 10

Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen is one hell of a schizophrenic movie! There are parts that are terrific, high octane fun and there are parts that are so bad you can't help but cringe during them. Fallen also strives to be more adult than the original featuring more suggestive dialogue and sexual situations than the first film, but at the same time is geared more towards kids. I realize that doesn't make much sense, but here is a perfect example. There are two new Autobots (the good guys) named Skids and Mudflap who are solely in the movie to provide comic relief and crack up youngsters. The only problem is that these characters curse quite a few times. It seems like a rather odd contradiction to me. Kids run out and buy the toy versions of these lovable, silly robots... just don't repeat any of their dialogue from the movie! All in all, the good outweighs the bad, but the first film is way superior.

The basic plot is this; the Autobots have been hiding in plain sight for the past two years, aiding the U.S. military in tracking down the Decepticons left over from the first movie. Teenager Sam Witwicky (Shia LaBeouf) is getting ready to start college and anxious to lead a normal life away from warring robots. Of course, things don't go as planned for Sam and once again he must play reluctant hero and save the world from the evil Decepticons. It seems the Fallen, a Decepticon leader, crash landed on Earth thousands and thousands of years ago and now wants revenge (Revenge of the Fallen... get it?), planning to harness the power of our sun and destroy life as we know it. Or something like that. The story by Ehren Kruger, Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman is serviceable at best, but truly in an action packed film like this featuring crazy, fierce robot action, serviceable is just fine. The script is also fine and in fact has plenty of great humor that helps both ground the movie and move it along breezily from one action sequence to the next.

This brings us to director Michael Bay. What can you say about Bay other than that he is the maestro of blockbuster, action filled, special effects extravagances. This is the man responsible for Armageddon, Bad Boys 1 and 2 and The Rock after all. The only problem with Bay is that he sometimes goes over the top with the action. He definitely amps thing up in the sequel but at times it comes off as too frantic, proving that sometimes more is less. The last third of the movie is one long battle that takes place in Egypt that seems to stretch on as far as the desert sand. It is also impossible to tell what is actually going on in some of the sequences and they come off like an orgy, mish mash of robots parts and explosions. Nonetheless, some of the action scenes are truly exhilarating (specifically ones featuring either Optimus Prime or Bumblebee) and will make your seat shake while keeping your eyes glued to the screen. It should also be noted that Bay does a fine job utilizing his actors to great effect and mining several laughs out of the comedic elements of the script.

All of the actors do the best they can with the material, but the weight of the movie clearly rest's on the shoulders of Shia LaBeouf, who ably carries the film as our reluctant hero. LaBeouf is a terribly charismatic actor with that everyman quality of Tom Hanks mixed with the quirkiness of John Cusack and he elevates some of the more banal dialogue and the movie to a new level, much like he did in the first Transformers. I shudder to think how bad these movies would be without him. Megan Fox as Sam's girlfriend Mikaela is perhaps the film's best special effect. She is eye-popping beautiful and lights up the screen every time she appears. Her role really requires her to look hot while running around screaming Sam at the top of her lungs and she completely pulls it off. She is certainly the ultimate fantasy girlfriend for teenage boys everywhere. The film does begin to lag a little in the middle, until the always wonderful, John Turturro shows up and steals every scene he is in. Turturro is brilliant and is the comic showpiece of the movie. Peter Cullen as the voice of Optimus Prime once again brings a noble, heroic charm to the Autobot leader and my only regret is that he didn't have more dialogue. The rest of the cast is fine as well, but for the most part, there isn't really much for them to sink their teeth in to.

This leads us to what is bad about Revenge of the Fallen. The new Autobots, Skids and Mudflap, are there to make kids laugh and sell toys, but come off as ridiculous goofballs that contradicts the regal, heroism of the other Autobots. They are jive-talking goofballs (one actually has a gold tooth) that look like they stepped out of a bad Disney film and I suspect they will be even more hated by fanboys than Jar Jar Binks. In fact, these two are so much worse than Jar Jar that it is like comparing Jaime Kennedy to Jim Carrey. There is also way too much "potty" humor, including a retarded scene where one of the tinier robots humps Megan Fox's leg.

All scenes featuring just the Decepticons are positively dreadful and will have you checking your watch. The dialogue is horrendous 1980's era cartoon lingo and none of the bad guys stand out because they are virtually indistinguishable from one another. Watching any of them prattle on about how they plan to destroy Optimus Prime and the Autobots is yawn inducing nonsense that stalls the momentum of the movie. I understand the need for these scenes, but they could've been fewer and shorter.

To sum it up, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, is a fun, mindless summer blockbuster sequel with more overall good moments than bad that doesn't quite live up to the original. Unfortunately, Revenge of the Fallen never becomes a movie that is more than meets the eye.

Bill Bonfanti is FilmGo.net's movie critic and Box office analysis. http://www.filmgo.net - Every week you will find new reviews and box office predictions for the current crop of films in the theater.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Bill_Bonfanti

The Most Wanted Transformers Toys This Christmas

The second live action Transformers movie, namely Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, brought with it a huge range of official Transformers merchandise such as posters, video games, statues and of course toys and action figures. Some of the toys and figures that were released in conjunction with that hit movie are all set to become some of the best selling toys this Christmas, but which in particular are being asked for the most by young Transformers fans?

The biggest hit in Transformers toys for this Christmas is the Bumblebee Voice Mixer helmet (aka the Bumblebee Voice Changer). this excellent full helmet allows the wearer to trigger sound effects from the movie as well as activating an electronic effect which is layered over their own voice. This toy helmet is a good size for a major Christmas present for a child, and in that regard is relatively inexpensive.

Other best selling Transformers toys for this Christmas include things like the 'leader' edition Optimus Prime toy, which is a stylized version of the leader of the Autobots based on how he appears in the second move. It has some moving internal parts along with light and sound features, and is a great size for a main gift. This figure is superb for being played with, as well as looking amazing when used just for display.

Another large scale Transformers movie toy that is proving very popular is the Transformers Devastator set, which contains all of the Constructicons, ready to be combined into the huge Devastator robot! This one is ideal for fans nostalgic for the classic characters as well as fans of the new era. The Transformers Devastator set is ideal as a main gift, and is sure to find a special home in any collection.

The most popular character in Transformers toys this year is definitely Bumblebee. The diminutive yellow Autobot hero is proving to be very popular in action figures, play sets and other Transformers toys for fans of every age (such as the aforementioned Bumblebee Voice Changer Helmet. There are Transformers toys and collectibles suitable for young children, older children and adult collectors, so there is certainly something out there for the Transformers fans in your life this Christmas.

Andrew is a writer for a national music magazine as well as a widely read geek culture blogger. For more tips and pointers for gift ideas, check out more of the best Transformers Toys and Figures for Christmas!

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Andrew_Hawnt

Transformers Devastator Toys Are a Hit This Christmas

Transformers Devastator toys are one of the biggest draws for Transformers fans this Christmas. The massive figure set, featuring all of the Constructicons characters, who combine to form the mighty Devastator, straight from the hit movie Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen! While many fans took issue with some elements of the movie, everyone tended to agree that Devastator was fantastic.

He's not in the movie much, but those few scenes have certainly left a big impression with fans young and old. While the design is different to the much loved original green and purple colour scheme from the 1980s version of the character, the basic concept of this Decepticon marauder is the same. The Transformers Devastator toy set features movie-authentic Constructicon toys that are able to be used and enjoyed individually as well as being combined to form the monstrous Devastator.

This would make a great focal point to any collector's army of robvots, along with providing an enormous foe for any child's Autobot heroes to face off against. Packed in a movie themed box and featuring all of the articulation fans would expect, the Transformers Devastator toy set is a brilliant idea for Transformers fans this Christmas.

Once combined into the larger form, the toy is actually very sturdy, which is great for those who want to keep the set in its combined state most of the time. The only issue is the price. Due to its massive size, many stores are struggling to offer it at a reasonable price.

The way around this, and also the way around having to drag the chunky box of this sizeable toy home is to buy online. There are a number of reliable sites offering it at the best prices around, meaning that every fan of Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen can get hold of the Transformers Devastator Toy for Christmas. Check out the reviews and information online, and get ready to roll out this Christmas.

Andrew writes for countless pop culture and collectibles blogs as well as being a magazine journalist and SF author. For more great Christmas ideas, check out more of the best Transformers Movie Toys online!

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Andrew_Hawnt

Design and Construction Considerations For WTSU Transformers

Introduction

The conversion of wind energy to electrical power is one of the world's fastest growing industries. In the US alone, wind power capacity has grown by a sizable average of 29% a year for last five years; wind power now contributes a little over 1% of the total US energy requirement. Giant sprawling 'wind farms' will soon step off the trade magazine spreads and become a common sight.

Like with any other electrical transmission and distribution system, power transformers are at the very heart of power generation using wind energy. The initial design of a transformer can have profound implications on the future profitability of wind farms and thus, design and construction of transformers specifically for use in wind farms - including Wind Turbine Step-Up (WTSU) Transformers - assumes critical significance.

Even though wind generation technology has shown marked improvement over the last few years, it continues to present some important system design, control and operation challenges. If these issues are not properly addressed at the right time, they may lead to significant system disturbances especially when interconnected with the existing power grid.

Wind Turbine 101

A wind turbine is a prominent symbol of the huge renewable energy generation market. Wind turns the turbine blades, which spin a generator shaft and creates electricity. A local transformer is then used to "step up" the electrical voltage, so that the electricity can then be delivered through transmission and distribution lines to domestic users. Wind turbines generally produce electricity when winds are at speeds of 8 mph or more. They shut down when wind speeds exceed 55 - 60 mph, for safety reasons. Modern wind turbines usually make use of a rotor with three large blades, ranging between 40 to 80 meters in diameter, to capture wind and extract energy from the largest possible volume of air. The blades are set at different angles to cope with varying wind speeds, and the generator and the blades can be turned to face the changing direction of the wind. The wind turbines are mounted on 40 to 100-meter tall towers, so as to capture stronger wind flows. Wind turbines come in different sizes and can be used in both small and large-scale applications. Single small turbines, up to 300 kilowatts, can be used in a variety of applications, including battery charging, providing power to remote cottages or communities, and powering farms and industrial facilities. Utility-scale turbines may be 500 kilowatts and larger. These are often grouped together in wind farms or wind power plants to feed the electrical grid. By grouping wind turbines into wind farms, it is possible to generate electricity more economically and to produce enough energy to power thousands of homes. This also makes it cost-effective to maintain and operate turbines. Wind Turbines: Basic Components

What are Wind Turbine Step-Up Transformers?

A Wind Turbine Step-Up (WTSU) Transformer plays a critical role in converting the generator output to transmission levels and passing it across the interconnected power grid to end users. Wind turbine output voltages typically range from 480 volts to 690 volts. This turbine output is then delivered to the WTSU transformer and transformed to a collector voltage of 13,800 to 46,000 volts. The role of the WTSU transformer is critical and, as such, its design needs to be robust. WTSU transformers in today's wind generation schemes have to cope with a combination of:

• Wide variations in loading
• Harmonic and non-sinusoidal loads from associated control electronics and generators
• Sizing without protection for over-voltage, under-voltage or over-loading
• Requirement to 'ride through' transient events and faults

The Need for Special Design and Construction Considerations

Wind resources are often located in remote areas, far from existing utility facilities, and receive widely varying intensities of energy. These factors make wind a highly fluctuating energy resource that can experience major power swings of up to 25%. About 10% of the time, wind may produce an hourly output from 5-20% of capacity. Such variability may affect power systems negatively. Conventional distribution transformers and power generator step-up transformers usually experience more constant loading at higher levels. The thermal stress on insulation is thus naturally higher. WTSU transforms don't suffer from these problems, but the lighter, more variable loading leads to other problems, such as:

• Core Losses

Core losses can become a significant economic factor for lightly loaded or idle transformers. Operational scenarios with an average loading of 30-35% make using conventional price evaluation formula inapplicable.

• Thermal Cycling

Varying loads can put repeated thermal stress on the winding, clamping structure, seals and gaskets. Thermal cycling also causes nitrogen gas to be absorbed into the hot oil, only to be released as the oil cools, forming bubbles which can migrate to the insulation and windings, creating hot spots and partial discharges and damage insulation.

Off-the-shelf distribution transformer and power generator step-up transformer designs cannot cope with these issues effectively, and will display higher incidence of insulation and dielectric failure.

The Solution: Custom-Built WTSU Transformers

Custom-built WTSU transformers can be built from the ground up with these considerations in mind. The use of cruciform cores, more robust windings, clamping structures, seals and gaskets, and protective measures that prevent hot spots and partial discharges can all contribute to lengthening transformer life and improving reliability.

Much like rectifier transformers, WTSU transformers must be designed for harmonics, additional loading, and have electrostatic shields to prevent transfer of harmonic frequencies between the primary and secondary windings.

Pacific Crest Transformers

Pacific Crest Transformers (PCT) has a long history in the designing of custom-built, energy efficient transformers for the renewable energy sector. Way back in the 1980s, PCT committed to designing and manufacturing superior quality, custom-built and specialty transformers in the most cost-effective and responsive manner possible. With over 90 years of continuous experience in building Padmount, Station and Secondary Unit Sub Transformers, PCT specializes in environmentally friendly and efficient liquid-filled distribution transformers.

Pacific Crest's transformers are designed to increase efficiencies in the renewable energy market. PCT grounding transformers are especially designed to withstand harsh wind farm grounding duty and PCT's WTSU transformers, have robust round coil designs assembled on miter-cut cruciform cores for enhanced strength, maximum cooling, longer life and lower total cost of ownership.

To know more about Transformers check out Pacific crest transformers website.

http://www.pacificcresttrans.com/home.html

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Mike_Dickinson

Dry Type and Liquid Filled Transformers - A Quick Comparison

Transformers under load generate heat due to winding (copper) and core losses occurring during operation. There is an 'acceptable' temperature rise for transformers used in power applications, and this can even limit their size. This acceptable temperature rise is directly related to the limitations of the transformer materials; safety regulations; or component parts in close proximity that may have high-temperature reliability problems.

High temperatures can damage the winding insulation; the heat generated from core and winding losses must thus be dissipated. This dissipation can be achieved with a combination of radiation and convection from the exposed surfaces of the transformer. Dry type power transformers up to several hundred kVA can usually be cooled by convection or even by fans. Power transformers can also be immersed in coolant liquids - which can range from mineral oils to silicone-based oils or ester-based vegetable oils..

Based on the type of cooling used, transformers are thus classified into 'dry type' and 'liquid-filled'.

Liquid-Filled Transformers

* Oil-filled Transformers

Oil-filled transformers primarily use mineral-based oil and cellulose paper (Kraft or Aramid) in their insulation systems. This proven combination exhibits outstanding thermal and dielectric properties at a relatively low cost. So popular and effective are these units, that all other transformer designs are judged in relation to them. They are still unparalleled in terms of purchase cost, among all the options available. The inherent weakness of a mineral oil-filled transformer, of course, is flammability; which is why oil-filled transformers are usually restricted to outdoor installations, or indoor installations that have elaborate means of fire protection.

Typical Applications:

Oil-filled transformers, thanks to their lower purchase costs, find applications in literally every sort of power distribution. Of late, the awareness of the fire risks associated with mineral oil-filled transformers has created a movement towards safer alternatives that use non-flammable, biodegradable liquids, or even dry-type transformers.

* Non-Flammable Liquid-Filled Transformers

Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) were produced in large quantities starting as early as the 1930s, in response to the electrical industry's need for a less flammable substitute for mineral oil as a cooling/insulating fluid for transformers. Several industrial incidents, however, brought the toxicity of PCBs to the fore. As confirmed organic pollutants, PCBs were banned by the late 1970s. A number of alternatives have since surfaced - major ones being silicone, perchloroethylene, high temperature hydrocarbons, and mixtures of oil with perchloroethylene. The first high molecular-weight hydrocarbon-based fluid (HMWH), was introduced in 1975. This fluids possesses similar dielectric properties as mineral oil, provide remarkable levels of fire-resistance, and do not have undesirable environmental fallouts.

Typical Applications:

Non-flammable liquid-filled transformers can be installed indoors and outdoors, close to buildings, walkways and rooftops. Usually, no additional infrastructure is required to address issues like fire safety.

* Biodegradable Fluid Liquid-Filled Transformers

Animal fats and vegetable oils offer substitutes that are significantly less harmful to the environment than petroleum oils. However, vegetable oils were not used in transformers for a long time; a fluid which could be stable in the transformer environment and available in the required quantities was simply not available.

Transformer manufacturers have since worked on transformer designs that utilize vegetable oil-based dielectric fluids. Comparable in size and electrical performance to conventional liquid-filled units, these transformers are filled with the less flammable dielectric fluids mentioned above. The immediate advantages of biodegradable fluids are clear: higher fire and flash points, thus reducing flammability concerns. The other, and perhaps more long-term advantage, is the fluid's biodegradability: it has demonstrated high environmental assimilation (over 95% in less than a month) - and it has the virtue of coming from a toxin-free resource.

Typical Applications:

Biodegradable fluid liquid-filled transformers find application in wind turbines, and other indoor and outdoor areas of heightened environmental and safety sensitivity.

Dry Type Transformers

* Vacuum Pressure Impregnated (VPI) Conventional Dry Types

Dry type transformer construction uses high-temperature insulation that exceeds the ratings of cellulose or 'O' and 'K' class fluids. Modern conventional dry type transformers feature insulation systems comprising carefully coordinated high-temperature (220'C) materials coated with a high-temperature, moisture-resistant polyester sealant. On better quality premium units, the polyester sealant is typically applied with a vacuum pressure impregnation (VPI) process. Units built in this fashion have exhibited high resistance to most chemical contaminants. Dry type transformers are generally rated up to 30MVA; performance under overload is demonstrably limited, but the addition of cooling fans can usually help augment this.

Typical Applications:

Dry type transformers have been used effectively in diverse commercial and industrial environments for decades; at ratings exceeding 15 kVA. Appropriately designed and installed, VPI units can even be an exceptionally economical choice in medium voltage distribution (15 kVA, 10 MVA ratings), even with the inclusion of installation costs. Because of reduced fire risks, these transformers have been used successfully in special applications where the public are in close proximity, such as underground tunnels, residential apartments, oil rigs and more.

* Gas-Filled Dry Types

Gas-filled dry type transformers are designed for applications where low flammability is a vital consideration. N2, C2F6, and SF6 gases are the ones used in these designs, providing a dielectric medium that is external to the windings. Apart from being the dielectric medium, these gases also act as the thermal medium to transfer heat from windings to tank walls. Gas-filled transformers are an alternative to dry-type construction with fewer fire and contamination risks.

Typical Applications:

Gas media have somewhat limited thermal capabilities; and gas-filled dry type transformers usually do not exceed 3750 kVA (C2F6) or even 2000 kVA (N2). Their design also makes them considerably larger than oil-filled units - anywhere from 20% to 30% bigger. Properly designed and installed gas-filled transformers can operate in any environment and remain truly non-flammable. They are commonly installed in dry-docks to provide local power for shipbuilding. Dry-docks (including transformers) are eventually flooded to float the ship away from the construction site.

* Vacuum Pressure Encapsulated (VPE) Dry Types

Military shipboard use is an exacting requirement, and VPE dry type transformers were developed to meet these needs. VPE transformers are similar to VPI transformers, but employ a resin made of silicone instead of polyester. The VPE method includes several dip processes to encapsulate the coil assembly; the coatings are then cured in an oven. The resin coating in the VPE design is also typically thicker, sometimes by as much as a factor of four; as can be expected, the thermal classification of the insulation system is markedly different for the military than for commercial applications. VPE transformers are more resistant to harsh and wet environments than VPI type counterparts.

Typical Applications:

VPE dry type transformers typically find applications in very harsh indoor and outdoor environments. VPE technology allows the transformer to be highly resistant to humid and caustic environments, but carefully designed enclosures are still a must.

* Epoxy Coated Dry Types

Epoxy coated, or 'epoxy shielded' dry type units offer the benefits of better environmental protection, minimal noise, high basic impulse levels and better short circuit strength than cast coil types. Epoxy shielded transformers are also usually less expensive, flexible, smaller and lighter. There are typically two variants of epoxy coated transformers - in one, a VPI dry-type is given an overcoat of epoxy varnish; in the other, the epoxy varnish is used as a complete replacement for the polyester sealant.

Typical Applications:

Epoxy coated transformers can be ideally suited for environments that may be polluted with acids, alkalis and chlorides. They are also resistant to the effects of salt water and high humidity, thus finding numerous applications in areas which concentrations of these problems.

* RESIBLOC Epoxy Cast Dry Types

Unlike conventional VPI dry type designs, RESIBLOC Epoxy Cast dry type transformers do not use insulation papers in the windings. Instead, pure epoxy resin reinforced with glass fiber rovings are wound directly with the wire. Winding processes controlled by advanced electronics also ensure even distribution and high levels of precision. Aluminum/copper foils are used for the low voltage winding; and circular (or rectangular) copper conductors with glass-fiber reinforced epoxy resin insulation are used for the high voltage windings. The completed winding block is then 'cured' in a specially designed oven under rotation. This process enables cast winding production without molds or vacuum. As in most cast epoxy units, the dielectric material on the interior winding is the epoxy itself. RESIBLOC transformers are reliable, environmentally safe, offer extreme fire resistance, have high short circuit withstands, and can be exposed to extreme conditions with minimal maintenance.

Typical Applications:

RESIBLOC? transformers often find applications in energization, ovens, or traction; they are commonly found in the railways, marine propulsion and distribution, in the nuclear energy and windmill power sectors, and in the mining industry.

* Epoxy Cast Dry Types

The primary and secondary coils in epoxy cast dry type transformers are usually wound with copper conductors, pre-heated and placed in a mold which will then be filled with de-gassed and mixed epoxy under vacuum. The molds are then cured in special ovens to allow sound, void-free casting. The result is a winding design that is void-free, hermetically sealed, and with a smooth exterior finish.

Typical Applications:

Epoxy cast dry type transformers are used inside buildings and tunnels, on ships, offshore platforms and cranes, food-processing plants, and more. They are often combined with primary and secondary switchgear and distribution boards, to form compact substations.

To know more about Liquid filled distribution transformers check out Pacific crest transformers website.

Mike Dickinson-contributing writer for Pacific crest transformers.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Mike_Dickinson

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